Fourth grade math is no joke! One minute you’re reviewing basic multiplication facts, and the next minute, BAM! You’re teaching students double-digit multiplication. Learning how to multiply multi-digit numbers is more like a marathon, not a sprint. I’m here to help you through the race, one step at a time!
The end goal is for students to use the standard algorithm to solve double-digit multiplication problems. However, it’s never a good idea to begin with this method. Students need to know the “reason before the rule”, or the “why before the how”. Therefore, begin with the following methods that teach students a conceptual understanding of double-digit multiplication.
Double-Digit Multiplication Method #1: Area Model
The area model is the first method I teach, and it’s my favorite for many reasons. First, it breaks up the numbers into expanded form. Students are less likely to make an error multiplying these simpler numbers.
Second, it conceptually teaches students what it means to multiply double-digit numbers. Third, it helps students organize their work, which is crucial to math mastery!
Even though this method takes a little more work with drawing the model, most of my students prefer it once they’ve learned all three. Even my strugglers are successful with the area model method!
One way to challenge your higher students is to give them problems with missing information. In the task cards below, you’ll notice card #26 requires students to use clues from the problem to solve for the unknowns. This is a fun and simple way to make area model multiplication more interesting for those students who need a challenge!
Double-Digit Multiplication Method #2: Partial Products
The partial product method is similar to the area model method, but students do not draw the area model. Instead, they set up the problem just like they would for the standard algorithm. This strategy is a bit more advanced, so expect students to struggle in the beginning.
Work mats are a must when first teaching partial products! These guided templates are ideal to use during your whole group lesson but can also be used in small groups and as an accommodation for students with IEP’s. You can read more about math work mats and how to use them in the classroom if they are a new concept for you!
The partial product method definitely requires more time and practice before students begin to show mastery. Therefore, it’s important to work with students in small groups on this skill.
For my small group activity, I use these differentiated task cards. These task cards provide additional support for strugglers through place value charts, guided boxes, and simpler multiplication facts.
Therefore, if students are struggling, they work the lower-numbered cards with the guided boxes and place value charts. Students who feel more confident but still need help with alignment use the middle numbered cards that contain place value charts. Those who feel confident and don’t need assistance work the higher numbered cards with zero guidance and more challenging multiplication facts. I love seeing students move through the different levels and feel proud of their achievements!
Using a place value chart is SO helpful when first teaching partial products! Not only does it help students align their numbers, but it also reinforces how this method uses place value in creating partial products.
Double-Digit Multiplication Method #3: Standard Algorithm
Here’s the thing. The standard algorithm for 2-digit multiplication is not required in 4th grade, but I still teach it. However, I tell my students at the beginning of my lesson that this is a bonus strategy. If they love it, they can use it (and many of them will!) However, if they hate it, they can say “Buh-bye, see you next year!” and go back to the other methods previously learned. This takes the stress and worries out of the equation.
Similar to the partial product method, I teach students the standard algorithm using a work mat with a place value chart. It’s important they understand how regrouping plays into this strategy. In addition, the place value chart helps students with alignment and organization.
For example, students need to know why they put the zero in the second partial product, and the place value chart helps them see this. I cringe when I see someone put an x in that spot. NOOOOOOO I want to scream! Remember, students need to know the reason before the rule.
Double-Digit Multiplication Review: Choose a Method
Once I’ve taught all three methods, I incorporate a lesson called, “Choose a Method”. We complete this anchor chart which reviews each strategy and helps compare the methods. We discuss the pros and cons of each, and students decide which strategy is the best fit for them.
I hope you find these tips helpful as you begin your journey in teaching double-digit multiplication. For more resources, visit my TPT Store where you’ll find a large selection to help you get started!
Until next time,
Happy Teaching!
-Annamarie
