Fourth grade math is no joke! One minute you’re reviewing basic multiplication facts, and the next minute, BAM! You’re teaching students 2-digit multiplication. Learning how to multiply 2-digit numbers is more like a marathon, not a sprint. I’m here to help you through the race, one step at a time!
The end goal is for students to use the standard algorithm. However, it’s never a good idea to begin with this method. Students need to know the “reason before the rule”, or the “why before the how”. Therefore, begin with the following methods that teach students a conceptual understanding of 2-digit multiplication.
Method #1: Area Model
The area model is the first method I teach, and it’s my favorite for many reasons. First, it breaks up the numbers into expanded form. Students are less likely to make an error multiplying these simpler numbers. Second, it conceptually teaches students what it means to multiply 2-digit numbers. Third, it helps students organize their work, which is crucial to math mastery! Finally, almost all students are successful using this method. Most of my students prefer this method once they’ve learned all three.
Method #2: Partial Product
The partial product method is similar to the area model method, but students do not draw the area model. Instead, they set up the problem just like they would for the standard algorithm. This strategy is a bit more advanced, so expect students to struggle at first. Using a place value chart is helpful when first teaching partial products. Not only does it help students align their numbers, but it also reinforces how this method uses place value in creating partial products.
Work mats are a must when first teaching partial products! Read more about math work mats and how to use them in the classroom.
The partial product method requires more time and practice for students to show mastery. During my small group center, I use these differentiated task cards with varying levels of support. If students are struggling, they work the lower-numbered cards with guided boxes and place value charts. Students who feel more confident but still need help with alignment use the middle numbered cards which contain place value charts. Those who feel confident and don’t need assistance work the higher numbered cards with zero guidance. I love seeing students move through the different levels and feel proud of their achievements!
Method #3: The Standard Algorithm
Here’s the thing. The standard algorithm for 2-digit multiplication is not required in 4th grade, but I still teach it. However, I tell my students at the beginning of my lesson that this is a bonus strategy. If they love it, they can use it (and many of them will!) However, if they hate it, they can say “Buh-bye, see you next year!” and go back to the other methods previously learned. This takes the stress and worries out of the equation.
Similar to the partial product method, I teach students the standard algorithm using a work mat with a place value chart. It’s important they understand how regrouping plays into this strategy. For example, students need to know why they put the zero in the second partial product, and the place value chart helps them see this. I cringe when I see someone put an x in that spot. NOOOOOOO I want to scream! Remember, students need to know the reason before the rule.
Once I’ve taught all three methods, I incorporate a lesson called, “Choose Your Method”. We complete this anchor chart which reviews each strategy and helps compare the methods. We discuss the pros and cons of each, and students decide which strategy is the best fit for them.
I hope you find these tips helpful as you begin your journey in teaching 2-digit multiplication. For more resources, visit my Teachers Pay Teachers store where you’ll find a large selection to help you get started!
Until next time,
Happy Teaching!
P.S. If you’re a fan of podcasts, check out Episodes 10-12 of Elementary Math Chat for ideas on differentiating and scaffolding math centers! There was so much to cover that I had to break it down into 3 episodes!